Lubricant additives, their preparation and compositions containing them

ABSTRACT

Novel compounds which are amides of bis(phenol substituted)carboxylic acids, or derivatives thereof are described by specified general formula and as reaction products of at least one bis(phenol substituted)carboxylic acid, or derivative thereof, having at least one alkyl substituent of at least 30 carbon atoms on a phenol substituent, and at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic primary or secondary di- or polyamine or a hydroxy alkyl amine. 
     Also described are lubricating compositions containing the novel compounds of the invention.

This invention relates to compounds useful as lubricant additives.

Amongst the numerous types of additives used in blending lubricants, particularly but not exclusively automotive lubricants, are various surface active materials. For example dispersants, particularly ashless dispersants, are incorporated in lubricants in order to disperse carbon particles and other insoluble materials such as decomposition products and fuel oxidation products in the oil medium which is the major constituent of the lubricants. The insoluble materials are thus suspended in the oil medium and prevented from forming deposits which can deleteriously affect engine operation.

Among the ashless dispersants proposed for the foregoing purposes have been certain derivatives prepared by reacting long chain alkyl phenols with aldehydes and polyalkylene polyamines to give Mannich bases. These compounds are excellent dispersants and impart some degree of oxidation resistance to lubricants in which they are incorporated, but in general they are deficient in thermal stability and also tend to derate the performance of the oils in diesel applications.

According to the present invention there is provided a compound having the general formula: ##SPC1##

Wherein each R¹ is the same or different and is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, provided that at least one is an alkyl group containing at least 30 carbon atoms; R² is absent or is a group of the formula: ##SPC2##

In which m is zero or an integer; each R⁴ is the same or different and is absent or a group of the formula --Z--R⁶ in which Z is a sulphur atom or a chain of two or more sulphur atoms or is absent and R⁶ is an alkyl group or a hydroxy substituted aralkyl group when Z is absent or a hydroxy substituted aryl or alkaryl group when Z is present; each R⁵ is the same or different and is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or the group ##EQU1## and each ##EQU2## is the same or different and is an amide or ester group provided that at least one is an amide group having at least one hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.

At least one group R¹ in the compounds of the present invention is an alkyl group containing at least 30, preferably from 50 to 200, carbon atoms. Such alkyl groups may be derived from long chain olefins such as a poly-(alphaolefin), which may have molecular weights in the range of 700 to 3,000, more preferably 900 to 2000 and particularly about 1,000. Examples of suitable poly-(alphaolefins) are polyisobutylenes and polypropylenes.

The present invention also includes a process, wherein at least one bis (phenol substituted) carboxylic acid, or derivative thereof, having at least one alkyl substituent of at least 30 carbon atoms on a phenol substituent, is reacted with at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic primary or secondary di- or poly-amine or a hydroxy alkyl amine to form the corresponding amide.

The bis (phenol substituted) carboxylic acid starting material, or derivative thereof, employed in the process of the present invention is preferably a condensation product as described in our copending U K Application NO. 50642/72. The products described in Application No 50642/72 are condensation products of (i) alkyl-substituted monohydric phenol, in which the alkyl substituent contains at least 8 carbon atoms, and (ii) a carbonyl-substituted compound selected from the group consisting of glyoxylic acid, pyruvic acid, levulinic acid, 3-oxoglutaric acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid and esters of such acids. Application No 50642/72 also describes a compound having the general formula: ##SPC3##

wherein each R¹ is the same or different and is an alkyl group containing at least 8 carbon atoms; R² is absent or is a group of the formula: ##SPC4##

in which m is zero or is an integer; R³ is absent or is a group of the formula: ##SPC5##

in which p and q are the same or different and are zero or are integers; each R⁴ is the same or different and is absent or is a group of the formula --Z--R⁶ in which Z is a sulphur atom or a chain of two or more sulphur atoms or is absent and R⁶ is an alkyl group or a hydroxy substituted aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl group; each R⁵ is the same or different and is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or the group ##EQU3## each n is the same or different and is zero or an integer of from 1 to 2; and each Y is the same or different and is a hydroxyl group or an alkoxy group. It is to be understood that in the case where R³ is a group of the formula (C), the groups ##SPC6##

may be arranged in any order. For example, these groups may be randomly interspersed with each other and a block arrangment is not necessary.

In the case of the above-defined condensation products the alkyl substituted phenol starting material may bear one or more additional substituents on the aromatic ring and these correspond to the groups R⁴ in the compounds of the foregoing formulae (A) and (B). When no substituent, other than the alkyl substituent, is present this corresponds to R⁴ being a hydrogen atom. The alkyl substituent is preferably in the para-position corresponding to R¹ in formulae (A) and (B). Any other substituents are preferably positioned such that at least one ortho position is unsubstituted, so that the phenol may be condensed with the carbonyl compound at this position and thereby phenol residues are linked at the ortho-position as illustrated in formula (A) and (B).

The groups R⁴, or the substituents corresponding thereto in the case of the condensation products, may be absent or may be groups of the formula --Z--R⁶ as hereinbefore defined. In a preferred embodiment R⁴ is absent. That is to say the R⁴ "substitutents", or corresponding "substituents" in the case of the condensation products, are hydrogen atoms. Such substances can be derived from alkylphenols having no substituent other than the alkyl substituent. In another embodiment the groups R⁴, or corresponding substituents in the case of the condensation products, are present as groups of the formula --Z--R⁶ in which Z is absent or is a sulphur atom or a chain of two or more, preferably 2 to 4, sulphur atoms. When Z is absent in this embodiment R⁶ is an alkyl group, such as a short chain alkyl group containing 1 to 8, more preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms or R⁶ is a group of the formula: ##EQU4## in which R⁷ is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group and R⁸ is an aryl or alkaryl group containing at least one hydroxy substituent. Conversely, when Z is a sulphur atom or a chain of two or more sulphur atoms in this embodiment, R⁶ is preferably an aryl or alkaryl group which bears a hydroxy substituent.

As starting materials in the process of the present invention may be used the foregoing novel substances of Application NO 50642/72, wherein at least one group R¹ in formulae (A) and (B) is an alky group of at least 30 carbon atoms, or the corresponding condensation product as detailed above, and wherein the group R⁵ is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or the group ##EQU5## These starting materials are reacted with an amine, or mixture of amines, as hereinbefore defined. At least some of the amino groups present react with carboxylic groups to form amide groups and some, or all, of any hydroxyl groups present may, depending on the relative proportions of the reactants, form ester groups. However, it is preferred that all the groups ##EQU6## in the compounds of the present invention, or the corresponding groups of the products of the process of the present invention, are amide groups.

The amine starting material used to prepare the novel products of the present invention may be selected from a very wide range of amines. Preferred amines are alkylene polyamines having the general formula: ##EQU7## wherein s is an integer and R⁹ is a divalent alkylene radical. Preferably R⁹ is an ethylene radical and s is from 1 to 6, preferably 3 to 5. Examples of such amines are ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine and mixed higher polyethylene polyamines. Other alkylene polyamines such as di(1,2-propylene) triamine, or N-(2-aminoethyl) trimethylene diamine may be employed, if desired. Such alkylene polyamines may be first reacted with a γ-lactone, preferably γ-butyro lactone as described in British Patent Specification No 1,054,370 or with dicyandiamide as described in British Patent Specification No 1,068,235.

Useful higher polyamines have molecular weights from 300 to 1000 or 5000, preferably 400 to 600, especially those prepared by polymerizing ethylene imine. The process of polymerising ethylene imine gives rise to mixtures of polyalkylene polyamines having a wide range of molecular weights. These may be divided into mixtures having narrow ranges of molecular weights, those indicated being the most useful in this invention.

Other polyamines which are useful in this invention are commerically available mixtures such as that predominantly consisting of a mixture of isomeric pentaethylene hexamines of formula C₁₀ H₂₈ N₆ and related hexamines containing piperazine rings and 12 C atoms. The average molecular weight of the mixture is approximately that of pentaethylene hexamine, i.e. 233, and the mixture contains a predominance of amines having 2 to 4 primary amino groups and at least two secondary amino groups.

Other suitable diamine compounds which may be employed are N-dialkylamines of the general formula: ##EQU8## wherein R₁₀ is a divalent alkylene radical and R₁₁ and R₁₂ are alkyl radicals. Examples of such N -dialkylamino alkylamines include dimethylaminomethylamine, dimethylaminoethylamine, dimethylaminopropylamine, dimethylaminobutylamine, dimethylaminoheptylamine, diethylaminoethylamine, diethylaminopropylamine, diethylaminoamylamine, dipropylaminopropylamine, methylpropylaminoamylamine, and propylbutylaminoethylamine.

Further suitable diamino compounds are N - (β-amino-alkyl) piperazines of formula: ##EQU9## wherein R₁₃ is an alkylene radical containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms and R₁₄ is a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 3carbon atoms or the group -R₁₃ -NH₂.

Other miscellaneous di- or polyamine compounds which may be used in the invention are N - (2-aminoethyl)ethanolamine and hydroxyethyl triethylene tetramine.

The amine may be reacted with the bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acid or derivative thereof in approximately equimolar proportions. In this embodiment, when using the preferred alkylene polyamine co-reactants or other amines initially containing two or more primary amino groups, the resulting reaction product will contain one or more residual primary amino groups. Alternatively, with the preferred linear alkylene polyamines, the amine may be reacted with up to twice the molar proportion of bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acid or derivative thereof.

Alternatively, the amine and bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acid or derivative thereof are reacted in equimolar proportions and one or more residual amino groups are reacted with a carboxylic acid, the form an amine salt, amide or imide thereof or imidazoline or condensed with aldehydes, ketones or mixtures thereof or with mixtures of aldehydes and phenols to form Mannich bases, in manner known per se. Alternatively, the amine may be first reacted with an appropriate molar proportion of a carboxylic acid, to provide an imide, amide or amine salt having a residual primary or secondary amino group, and the resulting imide, amide or amine salt reacted with the bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acid or derivative thereof. In another embodiment of the present invention the amine is a polyamine in which one primary amino group is reacted, either before or after the amine has been reacted in equimolar proportions with the bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acid or derivative thereof, with an alkyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride thereof containing from 8 to 200 carbon atoms in the alkyl substituent. Such substituents are preferably residues of comparatively low molecular weight polymers of olefins, such as isobutylene or propylene, or oligomers of such olefins.

The process of the present invention may be readily carried out by heating the co-reactants together and a preferred reaction temperature is from 50° to 250°C more preferably 130° to 220°C., most preferably from 180° to 220°C. An inert solvent, such as xylene, toluene or minearl oil may be used. The reaction may be most conveniently carried out in a vessel which is open to the atmosphere. However, if desired the reaction can be carried out under vacuum or low pressure conditions or under a nitrogen blanket. The reaction is usually completed within 1 to 6 hours, 2 to 4 hours being most common.

As hereinbefore described the bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof may be compounds as described in our Application No 50642/72 and these compounds may contain more than one carboxylic group, either in free acid form or as, for example, an ester or lactone thereof. In addition the amine co-reactant may contain more than one amino group. Hence, the proportions of the co-reactants used may be selected according to the reaction product required. For example, stoichiometric molar proportions may be used so that all amino groups are reacted with all carboxylic groups present. Alternatively an excess of amine may be used so that the resulting reaction product will contain residual (unreacted) amine groups or when the bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acid starting material is in the form of the ester derivative thereof an excess may be used so that the resulting reaction product will contain residual ester groups. However, in order to obtain optimum dispersancy at least two free amino groups should be present in the product for each molecule of amine reacted with a carboxylic acid group.

In yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a lubricating composition containing a major amount of a lubricating oil and having dissolved therein a minor amount of an additive which is a compound or reaction product of the present invention or a mixture of such compounds and/or reaction products. Preferably, the lubricating compositions of the present invention contain from 0.3% to 15% by weight, preferably 1% to 6% by weight of the additive based on the total weight of the composition.

Also included within the scope of the present invention are additive concentrates comprising a minor amount of a lubricating oil and a major amount of one or more additives in accordance with the present invention, and additive packages comprising a minor amount of a lubricating oil and a major amount of a combination of one or more additives in accordance with the present invention and at least one other lubricant additive.

The lubricating oil used in the lubricating compositions of the present invention may be any of the well known synthetic ester oils, such as dioctyl sebacate. The preferred oils, however, are mineral oils of lubricating viscosity of well known type. It is especially preferred that the additive employed in the lubricating compositions of the present invention is a product prepared by reacting a polyisobutyl phenol, in which the polyisobutyl group has a molecular weight of from 900 to 2000, with glyoxylic acid and reacting the resulting intermediate with a polyethylene polyamine containing an average of from 4 to 6 amino groups, the molar ratio of the reactants being from 1.0 to 2.0 : 1 : 0.5 to 1.0.

The present invention will now be illustrated with reference to the following examples.

EXAMPLE 1 a. Preparation of PIB phenol-glyoxylic acid intermediate

A solution of polyisobutyl phenol prepared from 1000 mw polyisobutylene as described in Example 1 of our copending Application No 50642/72 (0.7m., 692g.), glyoxylic acid monohydrate (0.7m., 64.4g.) and p-toluene sulphonic acid (5g) in toluene (500ml.) was heated at reflux temperature, under nitrogen, in a flask fitted with a Dean and Stark water separator until the evolution of water had ceased (34ml. of water were collected). The resulting solution was stripped of solvent to yield 750g. of red viscous liquid.

    ______________________________________                                         Acidity           =     40mg. KOH/g.                                           Saponification value                                                                             =     96mg. KOH/g.                                           ______________________________________                                    

b. Preparation of a di-amide

The product from part (a) (306.4g.) was mixed with 27.9g. of tetra ethylene pentamine and heated at 200°C., under nitrogen, for 4 hours. After dilution with mineral oil (58g.), the product was filtered through filter aid.

    ______________________________________                                         Acidity        =     6mg. KOH/g. (Calc. NIL)                                   Total base number                                                                             =     52mg. KOH/g. (Calc. 60)                                   % N            =     2.3 (Calc. 2.5)                                           ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of a diamide without isolation of the intermediate

A solution of polyisobutyl phenol (1.0m., 890g.), glyoxylic acid monohydrate (1.0m., 92g.) and p-toluene sulphonic acid (7g.) in toluene (600 ml.) was heated at reflux temperature, under nitrogen, in a flask fitted with a Dean and Stark water separator until the evolution of water had ceased (41ml. collected). The solution was allowed to cool a few degrees and then tetraethylene pentamine (0.5m., 94.5g.) was added. After distilling off the solvent the mixture was heated at 200°C., under nitrogen, for 4 hours. The product was filtered after dilution with mineral oil (181g., to give a theoretical 85% concentrate).

    ______________________________________                                         Acidity        =     12mg. KOH/g. (Calc. NIL)                                  Total base number                                                                             =     56mg. KOH/g. (Calc. 65)                                   % N            =     2.4 (calc. 2.7)                                           ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 3 to 11

Following the general method of Example 2 a number of amides were prepared without isolation of the intermediate. The general method was as follows:

Polyisobutyl phenol and glyoxylic acid monohydrate were dissolved in toluene or xylene, p-toluene sulphonic acid (0.1% based on the weight of the reaction solution) was added and the solution stirred and boiled under reflux, in an atmosphere of nitrogen until evolution of water, collected in a Dean and Stark apparatus, had virtually ceased. The solution was cooled to 80°-100°C and tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) was added. The solvent was distilled out and reaction was continued for 4 hours at 200°C. The products were cooled, diluted with mineral oil and petroleum spirit (b.p. 62/68°C.) and filtered through a pad of filter-aid. The petroleum spirit was removed by vacuum-stripping at up to 170°C. Yields were generally at least 90%. Residual acidities were low, the maximum being 7 mg. KOH/g.

Further details of these preparations are tabulated in the following Table 1. The thiobis PIB phenol starting material for Example 10 was prepared as follows:

Polybutyl phenol (ex 1000 m.w. PIB) (571.5g., 0.5 mole was stirred, under nitrogen, at 195°C. in the presence of sulphur (16.0g., 0.5g. atom) and sodium hydroxide (4.0g.) Hydrogen sulphide was evolved, the rate of evolution being greatly reduced after 20 hours. The reaction was then stopped and the product was diluted with petroleum spirit (b.p. 62/68°C.) The solution was washed with water/methanol (1:9) (2×250c.c.) and the solvent was removed by vacuum-stripping.

    ______________________________________                                         Yield:-        563g.,   97%                                                    %S:-           1.5:     Calc:- 1.4                                             ______________________________________                                    

The methylene-bis-PIB phenol starting material of Example 11 was prepared as follows:

A mixture of polybutyl phenol (ex 1000 mw PIB) (102.6g., 0.1 mole), 40% formalin (4.1g., 0.05 mole), concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 c.c.) and toluene (60 c.c.) was stirred and boiled under reflux until 3.9 c.c. of water (Calc. 4.1 c.c.) had been collected in a Dean and Stark water separator. (4 Hours). The solution was vacuum-stripped at 130°C./20 mm and the product was filtered.

    ______________________________________                                         Yield          82g.                                                            Hydroxyl Value:                                                                               58.2 mg. KOH/g. (Calc. 54.5)                                    ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 12 to 17

A number of polymeric (mono-amides) of TEPA were prepared by the method described in Examples 3 to 11 (Table 1). These were then further reacted with other reactants to form succinimides, amides, Mannich bases and Schiff's bases. Details of these preparations are set out in the following Table 2.

Where alkenyl succinic anhydrides were used as the other reactant, these were added at the end of the amidation stage, and reaction was continued for 4 hours at 200°C., before the products were diluted and filtered.

For the preparations of the mixed amide/Mannich bases, the amides were cooled, rediluted with toluene, the alkyl phenols added and 40% aqueous formaldehyde (formalin) added dropwise at 90°-95°C. This temperature was maintained for 1 hour, and then the solution was heated to reflux, water being removed in a Dean and Stark apparatus. After addition of diluent oil, the products were filtered and vacuum-stripped.

For the preparation of the mixed amide/Schiff's base, the amide was diluted with xylene, the benzaldehyde was added, and the solution boiled under reflux, water being removed in a Dean and Stark apparatus. The product was diluted and filtered as before.

EXAMPLES 18 to 25

Polybutylphenol (ex 1000 m.w. PIB) (1143g., 0.1 mole) was reacted with glyoxylic acid monohydrate (92g., 1.0 mole) in refluxing xylene (800 c.c,), in the presence of p-toluene sulphonic acid (2.0g.) until not further water was collected in a Dean and Stark water separator. (47 c.c. collected). The solvent was then removed by vacuum-stripping up to a temperature of 170°C.

The resulting intermediate was reacted with a number of different amines by the following general method, details being given in the following Table 3:

The intermediate (118g., 0.1 mole) was stirred with the amine, under nitrogen, at 200°C. in a flask without a condenser, any evolved water being allowed to distil out. The products were diluted with mineral oil to give 85% concentrates and with petroleum spirit (b.p. 62/68°C), filtered through a filter-aid pad, and the solvent removed by vacuum-stripping up to 180°C.

With the more volatile amines, slightly different techniques were used initially, thus:

a. With dipropylene triamine (Example 19), the reactants were initially heated at 170°-180°C. for 1/2 hour and at 200°C. for 2 hours under reflux, the condenser being removed for the last 2 hours at 200°C.

b. with ethylenediamine (Example 20) the reactants were heated in refluxing toluene (25 c.c.) for 1/2 hour, the solvent was distilled out and reaction was continued for 4 hours at 200°C.

c. with dimethylaminopropylamine (Example 22), 100% excess was used, reaction was carried out for 3 hours at 150°C. under reflux, the excess amine was distilled out up to 210°C., and reaction was continued for 4 hours at 200°C.

EXAMPLE 26 Preparation of an amide in oil solution

A mixture of PIB phenol (ex 1300 m.w. PIB) (131.7g., 0.1 mole), glyoxylic acid monohydrate (4.6g., 0.05 mole), p-toluenesulphonic (0.16g.) and mineral oil (25.3g.) was stirred, in an atmosphere of nitrogen for 11/2 hours at 140°C. Evolved water was allowed to escape. The mixture was allowed to cool to 80°C., tetraethylenepentamine (9.5g., 0.05 mole) was added and reaction was continued at 200°C. for 4 hours. The product was finally filtered in petroleum spirit solution.

    ______________________________________                                                %N    1.7      (Calc 1.9).                                                     TBN   49 mg.   KOH/g.                                                   ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 27

Polybutyl phenol (ex 1000 m.w. PIB) (276g., 0.25 mole) was reacted with glyoxylic acid monohydrate (23g., 0.25 mole) in refluxing toluene (150 c.c.) in the presence of p-toluenesulphonic acid (0.4lg.) until evolution of water ceased. (12 c.c. collected). Tetraethylene-pentamine (47.3g., 0.25 mole) was added, the toluene was distilled out, and reaction at 200°C. was continued for 4 hours to give a polymeric (mono-amide) of tetraethylene pentamine. Nonyl phenol (110g., 0.5 mole) was separately reacted with glyoxylic acid (23g., 0.25 mole) in toluene as above, 12 c.c. of water being collected. The toluene solution was added to the already formed amide, the toluene was distilled out, and reaction again continued for 4 hours at 200°C. Mineral oil (79.8g.) was added, and the product was filtered in petroleum ether solution. Removal of the solvent gave an oil (396g.)

    ______________________________________                                                %N    2.5     (Calc. 3.1)                                                      TBN   64      mg. KOH/g.                                                       TAN   8       mg. KOH/g.                                                ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 28

A mixture of PIB phenol (ex 1000 m.w. PIB) (243.5g., 0.22 mole) and nonyl phenol (48.4g., 0.22 mole) was reacted with glyoxylic acid (40.5g., 0.44 mole) in refluxing toluene (300 c.c.) until evolution of water ceased. (20 c.c. collected).

Tetraethylenepentamine (41.6g., 0.22 mole) was added, the toluene was distilled out, and reaction was continued at 200°C. for 4 hours. The product was cooled, diluted with mineral oil (61.6g.) and filtered in petroleum ether solution.

    ______________________________________                                                Yield: 353g.                                                                   %N     3.6 (Calc. 3.6)                                                         TBN    74 mg. KOH/g.                                                           TAN     7 mg. KOH/g.                                                    ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 29

Polypropyl phenol (prepared by alkylation of phenol with 860 m.w. polypropylene using boron trifluoride as catalyst) (100.4g., 0.04 mole) was reacted with glyoxylic acid (3.7g. 0.02 mole), by the method of Example 1.

The resulting intermediate (50.6g., 0.01 mole) was heated with triethylene tetramine (0.73g., 0.005 mole) for 4 hours at 200°C. Mineral oil (9.05g.) was added and the product was filtered in petroleum spirit solution, and finally vacuum-stripped at 180°C.

    ______________________________________                                                 %N    0.4 (Calc. 0.5)                                                  ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 30

Polybutyl o-cresol, (prepared by boron trifluoride catalysed alkylation of o-cresol with 1000 m.w. polybutene) (66.7g., 0.05 mole) was reacted with glyoxylic acid (2.3g., 0.025 mole) in xylene solution (60 c.c) using the general method of Example 1.

This intermediate (27.2g., 0.01 mole) was stirred with pentaethylene hexamine (1.16g., 0.005 mole) at 200°C. for 4 hours. Diluent oil (4.95g.) was added and the product filtered in petroleum spirit solution.

    ______________________________________                                                 %N     1.0 (Calc. 1.3)                                                         TBN    20 mg. KOH/g.                                                   ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 31

To a mixture of polybutyl phenol (ex 1000 m.w. PIB) (194.3g., 0.17 mole), 2-oxoglutaric acid (27.2g., 0.17 mole), petroleum spirit (b.p. 80-100°C.) (140 c.c.) and water (30 c.c.) was added concentrated sulphuric acid (125 c.c.) with stirring and cooling, The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 days, was diluted with further petroleum spirit, and was washed with water/methanol (1:9) (3 ×200 c.c.) Vacuum-stripping to 160°C. gave the acid (148 g.)

Saponification Value: 20.4 mg. KOH/g.

70g. of the above acid were heated with an excess of tetraethylenepentamine (10g.) for 4 hours at 200°C. The mixture was cooled, diluent oil (13g.) and petroleum spirit (300 c.c) were added, and the solution was washed with water/ methanol (1:9). (2 × c.c). Vacuum-stripping gave the product. (82g.)

    ______________________________________                                                 %N     1.0                                                                     TBN    29 mg. KOH/g.                                                   ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 32

The product of Example 26 (100.0g., 0.03 mole) was heated with isostearic acid (8.5g., 0.03 mole) for 4 hours at 200°C.

The low residual acidity (5mg. KOH/g.) and the drop of TBN from 49 to 36 mg. KOH/g. showed that the reaction was largely complete.

    ______________________________________                                                  %N   1.6 (Calc. 1.5)                                                  ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 33

A solution of polybutyl phenol (ex 1000 m.w. PIB) (69.3g., 0.07 mole), pyruvic acid (6.2g., 0.07 mole), and p-toluenesulphonic acid (1g.) in xylene was boiled under reflux until water evolution ceased. (3.2 c.c. collected). The solution was filtered and the solvent removed by vacuum-stripping to give the acid intermediate.

23.4g. (0.022 mole) of the intermediate were heated at 200°C. for 4 hours with tetraethylene pentamine (4.17 g. 0.022 mole). Diluent oil (4.76g.) was added and the product was filtered in petroleum ether solution.

    ______________________________________                                                 %N     2.3                                                                     TBN    72 mg. KOH/g.                                                   ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 34

By a similar method to that of example 33, polybutyl phenol (ex 1000 m.w. PIB) (114.3g., 0.1 mole) was reacted with pyruvic acid (4.4g., 0.05 mole) in the presence of p-toluenesulphonic acid (0.2g.). The intermediate was not isolated.

Tetraethylene pentamine (4.73g., 0.025 mole) was added, the solvent was distilled out, reaction was continued for 4 hours and the amide was diluted with mineral oil (21.4g) and filtered as normal.

    ______________________________________                                                Yield =      128g.                                                             %N    =      1.1 (Calc. 1.1)                                                   TBN   =      31 mg. KOH/g.                                              ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 35

A solution of polyisobutyl phenol (ex 650 m.w. PIB) (87.5g., 0.1 mole), glyoxylic acid monohydrate (4.6g., 0.05 mole) and p-toluenesulphonic acid (0.16g.) in xylene 80 ml.) was heated at reflux temperature until the evolution of water had ceased (1.9 ml. collected).

After allowing to cool, tetraethylene pentamine (4.73g., 0.025 mole) was added, the xylene distilled off and the mixture heated at 200°C. for 4 hours under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The product was diluted with mineral oil (16.6g.) and filtered in petroleum spirit solvent.

    ______________________________________                                                Yield =      104g.                                                             %N    =      1.8 (Calc. 1.5)                                            ______________________________________                                    

Suitability of the products of the present invention for use as ashless dispersants in lubricants was determined by MS VC and Petter AV-B Engine tests, by Panel Coker Tests and by Spot Tests.

The VC tests were carried out by the standard method on two formulations containing test additives. Formulation A was a 10W/30 blend, formulated to meet U.S. Specification MIL-L46152, containing commercially available metal sulphonate detergents, viscosity index improver and antioxidant/antiwear additive and in which the ashless dispersant normally present (4.5%) was replaced by the test additive, also at 4.5%. The blend had a sulphated ash content of 1%.

Formulation B was similar to formulation A, but having a sulphated ash content of 0.5% and containing ashless corrosion inhibitors.

After the tests, merit ratings were assigned according to the condition of the test engine in the usual way and these ratings were as follows:

                  Formulation A                                                    ______________________________________                                         Test Additive  Average  Average  Piston Skirt                                                 Sludge   Varnish  Varnish                                                      (Max 10) (Max 10) (Max 10)                                      ______________________________________                                         Product of Example  2                                                                         6.0      6.7      7.2                                           Product of Example  6                                                                         6.7      7.2      7.4                                           Product of Example  8                                                                         8.8      8.5      8.4                                           Product of Example 12                                                                         8.1      7.5      8.0                                           Additive X     4.9      7.5      7.2                                           ______________________________________                                    

                  Formulation B                                                    ______________________________________                                         Test Additive  Average  Average  Piston Skirt                                                 Sludge   Varnish  Varnish                                                      (Max 10) (Max 10) (Max 10)                                      ______________________________________                                         Product of Example  7                                                                         7.9      8.0      8.1                                           Product of Example 13                                                                         8.0      8.0      7.8                                           Product of repeat of                                                           Example 8 (6%) 9.6      9.2      9.2                                           Product of repeat of                                                           Example 8 (2.25%)                                                                             5.6      8.0      7.9                                           ______________________________________                                    

All test additives at 41/2% concentration except where stated. Additive X is a commercially available ashless dispersant consisting of a borated Mannich base of a polyisobutyl phenol.

The Petter AV-B tests were also carried out according to the standard procedure and merit ratings (maximum 10 ) assigned in the usual way according to the condition, after test of various parts of the test engine. Carbon deposition in the grooves of the test engine were also measured. Groove carbon and the overall merit rating (maximum 100) derived from the individual ratings were as follows:

    Test Additive  Groove Carbon (%)                                                                               Overall                                                                        Rating                                                      1st   2nd      3rd                                                ______________________________________                                         Product of Example  3                                                                         72      trace    Nil   81.3                                     Product of Example  2                                                                         10      Nil      Nil   89.9                                     Product of Example  5                                                                         46.3    Nil      Nil   79.6                                     Product of Example  8                                                                         56.5    3.8      0.8   63.0                                     Product of Example 12                                                                         45.5    0.8      Nil   81.4                                     Product of                                                                     Example 14 (2.7%)                                                                             92.0    0.6      Nil   76.1                                     Additive X     93.0    30.1     0.8   50.7                                     ______________________________________                                    

The test blend used in the AV-B tests was an SAE 30 blend, formulated to meet the requirements of U S Specification MIL-L-2104-C, containing commercially available metal sulphonate detergents, corrosion inhibitor and antioxidant/antiwear additive, and in which the ashless dispersant normally present (3.5%) was replaced by the test additive, also at 3.5% except where stated.

The Panel Coker tests were carried out using the same test blend as for the AV-B test and were carried out for 31/2 hours in a slightly modified form of the normal apparatus. Instead of continuous oil splashing, the oil was splashed against the aluminium panel maintained at 600°F. with a cycling procedure consisting of a splashing period of 15 seconds and a 45 second period when the paddle was stationary. The apparatus was further modified to allow a flow of moist air through the sump above the oil surface at the rate of 2.3 liters per hour.

The area of the sump not normally immersed in oil was rated according to the percentage cleanliness in much the same manner as an engine piston is rated after a test such as the Caterpillar 1-G test, to give a % Merit Rating (100 = Perfectly clean). It is believed that the above-mentioned test correlates well with the Caterpillar 1-G Engine Test.

The Merit Ratings obtained were as follows:

    Product of Example No                                                                              Merit Rating                                               ______________________________________                                         27                  71.5                                                       28                  76.5                                                       29                   65.7*                                                     30                  85.2                                                       31                  82.5                                                       32                  91.5                                                       34                  59.5                                                       35                  82.5                                                       Additive X          61.2                                                       ______________________________________                                          *slight sootiness evident.                                               

In the spot tests the test additives were dissolved in mineral oil (V₂₁₀ = 3.5 cS) at 4%. Carbon black (Spheron 9 - ex Cabot Carbon Coy - average particle size - 27 mμ ) (1%) was added and the mixtures (10g.) were agitated for 1 hour, using an Ultrasonic Generator in 5 × 1 inch test-tubes. The tubes were then stored at 50°C. for 16 hours and allowed to cool. Drops of oil, taken from the top 1/2 inch , were spotted on to chromatography paper, using a fine glass rod. The spots were then allowed to develop for 24 hours, and rated as follows:

    A = Carbon well dispersed                                                      B = Carbon moderately well dispersed                                           C = Carbon poorly dispersed                                                    D = Carbon not dispersed                                                       Product of                                                                               Dispersancy                                                                               Product of  Dispersancy                                   Example No                                                                               Rating     Example No  Rating                                        ______________________________________                                         None - Blank         19          B                                             Base Oil  D          20          B/C                                            5        A          21          A/B                                            8        A          23          A                                             10        B          24          A/B                                           11        B          25          A                                             12        A/B        26          A/B                                           13        A/B        28          A                                             15        A          31          B                                             16        A          33          A                                             17        A          34          C/D                                                                35          B                                             ______________________________________                                    

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________          Phenol/                Glyoxylic .sup.A                                        Acid/                  Acid         TEPA                                  Example                                                                             TEPA             g     g.      Toluene                                                                             g.                                    No   Ratio Alkyl Phenol                                                                              (mole)                                                                               (mole)  (c.c.)                                                                              (mole)                                __________________________________________________________________________     3    1:1:1/2                                                                              ex 1000 M.W. PIB                                                                          356   36.8                                                                     (0.4) (0.4)   250  37.8                                                                           (0.2)                                 4    2:1:1 ex 1000 M.W. PIB                                                                          354.2 14.7    300  30.2                                                        (0.32)                                                                               (0.16)       (0.16)                                5    1:1:0.75                                                                             ex 1000 M.W. PIB                                                                          296.4 23.9    200  36.9                                                        (0.26)                                                                               (0.26)       (0.195)                               6    2:1:1 ex 1000 M.W. PIB                                                                          749.6 35.9    600  73.7                                                        (0.78)                                                                               (0.39)       (0.39)                                7    2:1:1 ex 1300 M.W. PIB                                                                          790   27.6    B    56.7                                                        (0.6) (0.3)   200  (0.3)                                 8    1:1:1 ex 2000 M.W. PIB                                                                          1184  46      700  94.5                                                        (0.5) (0.5)        (0.5)                                 9    4:3:3 ex 2000 M.W. PIB                                                                          1134  29.0    B    59.5                                                        (0.42)                                                                               (0.315) 700  (0.315)                               10   1:1:1/2                                                                              Thiobis PIB Phenol                                                                        115.8 4.6     100  4.73                                             (ex 1000 M.W. PIB)                                                                        (0.05)                                                                               (0.05)       (0.025)                               11   1:1:1 Methylene-Bis- .sup.C                                                                     49.5  2.2     50   2.27                                             Pib Phenol (0.024)                                                                              (0.024)      (0.024)                               __________________________________________________________________________                                          Panel                                                        Diluent                                                                              % N         Coker                                                   Example                                                                             oil   Found                                                                               TBN    Test                                                    No   g     (Calc).                                                                             mg. KOH/g.                                                                            Result                                    __________________________________________________________________________                   3    77    2.5  59     78.8                                                               (2.7)                                                               4    68.9  1.9                                                                            (2.3)                                                                               54     66.5                                                    5    60.5  2.7                                                                            (3.1)                                                                               81     71.1                                                    6    148.6 2.4                                                                            (2.5)                                                                               65     61.5                                                    7    151.4 1.8                                                                            (1.9)                                                                               58     59.5                                                    8    229   1.85                                                                           (2.2)                                                                               51     78.5                                                    9    212.7 1.3                                                                            (1.4)                                                                               36     75.5                                                    10   21.6  1.0         81.2                                                               (1.1)                                                                               21         % S=1.2                                             11 9.3                                                                              (1.2) 27                                                    __________________________________________________________________________      Note .sup.A Monohydrate.                                                       Note .sup.B Xylene used as solvent.                                            Note .sup.C Reaction product of PIB phenol and formaldehyde prepared as        hereinbefore described.?                                                 

                                      TABLE 2                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Example                                                                             Phenol/                                                                              Alkyl Phenol     Glyoxylic.sup.B                                                                             TEPA                                  No   Acid/            g     Acid    Toluene                                                                             g.                                         TEPA             (mole)                                                                               g       (c.c.)                                                                              (mole)                                     Ratio                  (mole)                                             __________________________________________________________________________     12   1:1:1 ex 1000 M.W. PIB                                                                          664   55.2         113.4                                                       (0.6) (0.6)   300  (0.6)                                 13   1:1:1 ex 1300 M.W. PIB                                                                          579.5 40.5         83.2                                                        (0.44)                                                                               (0.44)  200  (0.44)                                14   1:1:1 ex 1000 M.W. PIB                                                                          265.7 22.1         45.4                                                        (0.24)                                                                               (0.24)  150  (0.24)                                15   1:1:1 ex 1000 M.W. PIB                                                                          155.0 12.9         26.5                                                        (0.14)                                                                               (0.14)  150  (0.14)                                16   1:1:1 ex 1000 M.W. PIB                                                                          287.8 23.9         49.1                                                        (0.26)                                                                               (0.26)  300  (0.26)                                17   1:1:1 ex 1000 M.W. PIB                                                                          332.1 27.6    56.7                                                             (0.3) (0.3)   350  (0.3)                                 __________________________________________________________________________     Example                                                                             Other Reactants      Diluent                                                                             %N        Panel                                 No                        Oil  Found                                                                               TBN  Coker                                                   g       g.   (Calc).                                                                             mg.  Test                                                    mole              KOH/g.                                                                              Result                                __________________________________________________________________________     12   PIBSA ex.sup.C                                                                              546          2.5       A                                          650 M.W. PIB (0.6)   238  (2.5)                                                                               44   75                                    13   PIBSA ex     414.9        2.05                                                 650 M.W. PIB (0.44)  193  (2.2)                                                                               34   83.7                                  14   Dodecenyl    64.3         3.09                                                 Succinic Anhydride                                                                          (0.24)  67.9 (3.5)                                                                               61   58.5                                  15   40% Formalin 10.5 (0.14)                                                                            60.6 2.0                                                  PIB Phenol (1000 M.W.)                                                                      155 (0.14)   (2.3)                                                                               54   77.5                                  16   40% Formalin 19.5 (0.26)  29                                                   Nonyl Phenol 58.2 (0.26)                                                                            72   (3.6)                                                                               71   68.5                                  17   Benzaldehyde 31.8 (0.3)                                                                             75.3 3.4  91   A                                                                    (4.0)     60.7                                  __________________________________________________________________________      Note .sup.A Slight sootiness evident.                                          Note .sup.B Monohydrate.                                                       Note .sup.C Polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride.                           

                                      TABLE 3                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Example                                                                             Phenol                                                                               Intermediate                                                                           AMINE                                                       No   Glyoxylic                                          Panel                       Acid/ g                      OIL                   Coker                       Amine (mole)            g    (g.) YIELD                                                                               % N  TBN    Test                        Ratio                   (mole)    g.   (Calc)                                                                              mg. KOH/g.                                                                            Result                 __________________________________________________________________________     18   1:1:1/2                                                                              118     "Polyamine M"                                                                            9.45           2.2                                           (0.1)             (0.05)                                                                              22.2 145.8                                                                               (2.1)                                                                               47     82.7                   19   1:1:1/2                                                                              118     Dipropylene                                                                              6.55 21.65                                                                               139.2                                                                               1.3  16     --                                (0.1)   Triamine  (0.05)         (1.5)                              20   1:1:1 118     Ethylene  6    21.6 140.6                                                                               1.3  21     60.5                              (0.1)   Diamine   (0.1)          (2.0)                              21   1:1:1/2                                                                              118     Substituted.sup.A                                                                        11.95                                                                               22.6 149.7                                                                               2.7  29     83.0                              (0.1)   Melamine  (0.05)         (2.9)                              22   1:1:1 118     Dimethyl- 20.4 19.0 145  0.7                                           (0.1)   Aminopropylamine                                                                         (0.2)          (1.9)                                                                               14                            23   1:1:1 118     Bis Amino-                                                                               20.0 20.6 148  3.4                                           (0.1)   Propyl    (0.1)          (3.5)                                                                               111                                              Piperazine                                                  24   1:1:1 118     N-(2-Aminoethyl)                                                                         10.4 19.0 93   1.1                                           (0.1)   Ethanolamine                                                                             (0.1)          (1.9)                                                                               33     78                     25   1:1:1 118     Bis Hexa- 21.5 20.7 151  1.9                                           (0.1)   Methylene (0.1)          (2.6)                                                                               54     61.3                                      Triamine                                                    __________________________________________________________________________      Note .sup.A Reaction product of TEPA and Dicyandiamide (intermediate of        B.P. 1,068,235).                                                          

We claim:
 1. A compound having the formula ##SPC7##wherein each R¹ is sthe same or different and is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, provided that at least one is an alkyl group containing at least 30 carbon atoms; R² is hydrogen or is a group of the formula ##SPC8## in which m is zero or an integer; each R⁴ is the same or different and is hydrogen or a group of the formula --Z--R⁶ in which Z is a sulphur atom or a chain of two or more sulphur atoms or is absent and R⁶ is an alkyl group or a hydroxy-substituted aralkyl group when Z is absent or a hydroxy-substituted aryl or alkaryl group when Z is present; each R⁵ is the same or different and is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or the group ##EQU10## and each ##EQU11## is the same or different and is an amide group having at least one hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom, or is an ester group derived from a hydroxy-substituted amine.
 2. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one group R¹ is a polyisobutylene group which has a molecular weight of 900 to 2,000.
 3. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein all the groups ##EQU12## are amide groups.
 4. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein at least one ##EQU13## group is an amide group derived from an alkylene polyamine having the formula: ##EQU14## wherein R⁹ is a divalent alkylene radical and s is an integer of from 1 to
 6. 5. A process for producing amides of bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acids wherein at least one bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acid, or ester thereof, which is a condensation product of (i) an alkyl-substituted monohydric phenol, in which the alkyl substituent contains at least 30 carbon atoms, and (ii) a carbonyl-substituted compound selected from the group consisting of glyoxylic acid, pyruvic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid and esters of such acids, is reacted with at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic primary or secondary di- or polyamine or a hydroxy alkyl amine to form the corresponding amide.
 6. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the carboxylic acid starting material is a condensation product of (i) an alkyl-substituted monohydric phenol, in which the alkyl substituent contains at least 30 carbon atoms, and (ii) a carbonyl-substituted compound selected from the group consisting of glyoxylic acid, pyruvic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid and esters of such acids.
 7. A process for producing amides of bis(phenol substituted) carboxylic acids wherein at least one compound according to the formula: ##SPC9##wherein R¹, R², R⁴ and R⁵ are defined as in claim 1; is reacted with at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic primary or secondary di- or polyamine or a hydroxy alkyl amine to form the corresponding amide.
 8. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein the group R⁴ is hydrogen.
 9. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein the group R⁴ has the formula --Z--R⁶ in which Z is absent and R⁶ is an alkyl group containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms or R⁶ is a group of the formula ##EQU15## in which R⁷ is a hydrogen atom and R⁸ is an aryl or alkaryl group containing at least one hydroxy substituent.
 10. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein the group R⁴ has the formula --Z--R⁶ in which Z is --(S)_(p) --, where p is 1 to 4, and R⁶ is an aryl or alkaryl group which bears a hydroxy substituent.
 11. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein all the groups ##EQU16## are reacted to form amide groups.
 12. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein the amine is a polyamine having the general formula: ##EQU17## wherein s is an integer of from 1 to 6 and R⁹ is a divalent alkylene radical.
 13. An amide of a bis(phenol substituted)carboxylic acid when produced by a process as claimed in claim
 5. 14. A compound as claimed in claim 13 which is a product prepared by reacting a polyisobutyl phenol, in which the polyisobutyl group has a molecular weight of from 900 to 2000, with glyoxylic acid and reacting the resulting intermediate with a polyethylene polyamine containing an average of from 4 to 6 amino groups, the molar ratio of the reactants being from 1.0 to 2.0: 1: 0.5 to 1.0.
 15. An amide of a bis(phenol substituted)carboxylic acid when produced by a process as claimed in claim
 7. 